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来源：快三官方2023-09-05 17:48

收录甲骨数量最多清华大学发布《甲骨文摹本大系》******

　　光明日报北京12月19日电（记者邓晖）十年磨一剑，一部甲骨文资料整理的集大成之作面世。清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心日前发布了《甲骨文摹本大系》（以下简称《大系》）新书。该书收录有字甲骨70659片，是目前收录甲骨数量最多的大型甲骨著录书，将为研究者更深入地做好卜辞分类与分期研究、文字考释工作与甲骨学商史研究带来极大便利。

　　《大系》是第一部以摹本形式按照新的理论和方法综合整理研究甲骨文资料的集大成之作，把原本“庞杂无序”的已刊布的7万多片有字甲骨整理成井井有条的科学资料。全书共43册，由“图版”“释文”和“索引”三部分组成，正八开刊印。据悉，2012年至2022年，清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心黄天树教授率领其甲骨团队编纂《大系》，通过选择良拓、剔除伪片、删除重片、缀合残片、分类断代、制作摹本、撰写释文、编制索引等工作，历时十年，终于告竣。

　　与《甲骨文合集》等著录书相比，《大系》全书采用“两系”新说代替“五期”旧说，编排7万多片甲骨材料，开创了甲骨著录书编纂的新范式。

　　“董作宾创立五期说，凿破鸿蒙，意义深远。但是，其弊病是把甲骨字体分类和王世的推定混在一起了。今天，甲骨学者认识到，卜辞的字体分类与断代是两个不同的步骤，我们应先根据字体等特征分卜辞为若干类，然后分别判定各类所属时代。这是甲骨断代理论和研究方法上的重大突破。”黄天树介绍。

　　《大系》还精心为每版甲骨制作了摹本。甲骨作为珍贵的文物，学者很难接触到实物，因而研究甲骨文，主要依据甲骨著录书公布的拓本、照片和摹本。这三种图版各有优劣，可以取长补短。高质量的甲骨摹本，可以立体显示各种甲骨信息，为甲骨初学者提供参考。

　　此外，《大系》还给每一版有字甲骨标注了字体类别。黄天树介绍，殷墟甲骨文是最早的古汉语资料。但是，甲骨文要作为语料来运用的先决条件，便是要确定其时代。否则，10多万片甲骨依然是一堆“断烂朝报”，缺少科学价值。“字体类别的确定，意味着这版甲骨的时代已经得到推定，大大增加了作为史料的研究价值。”

　　20多年来，甲骨缀合成果层出不穷，新拼缀出来的甲骨缀合多达3000多组。其中有些甲骨缀合极为重要，复原出前所未见的新材料，极大地丰富了学界对殷商社会的认识。然而，团队成员发现，这些甲骨缀合成果分散在各种甲骨缀合专书、刊物和学术网站上，应用起来不太方便。

　　“《大系》收录2020年12月之前的所有缀合成果，省去学者翻检之苦。我们还撰写释文，编制索引。读者如果要查看相应甲骨拓本，通过《大系》索引可以检索到，十分便捷。”黄天树介绍。

　　《光明日报》（ 2022年12月20日 11版）

快三官方

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.